• Systematic climate typology and classificatory frameworks emerged as a unifying approach for cross-regional comparisons and long‑term analyses, enabling standardized descriptions of climate types across spaces and times [1], [2], [3], [19].

• Climate change and variability were framed as central research questions, with early exploration of possible causes, limits, and the balance between global and regional perspectives [9], [15], [17], [20].

• Advances in climate dynamics highlight physical mechanisms—heat balance, moisture factors, and atmospheric processes—linking theory to observed variations and model-like understanding [4], [6], [9], [18].

• Regional ecological and forestry impacts were studied as climate indicators, employing dendrochronology and regional climate variability to infer climate-ecosystem linkages and urban vs rural patterns [11], [12], [14], [16].

• Paleoclimate reconstruction and proxy-based inference dominated, using quaternary records and ocean-atmosphere data to chart historical climate states and transitions [2], [5], [8].